Theobromine
Theobromine is naturally present in chocolate at typical safe dietary levels but as a deliberate added ingredient it is a stimulant with cardiovascular effects (mild tachycardia, headache, sleep disturbance). EFSA concluded that available data are insufficient to establish a safe upper level when added to foods beyond cocoa-related natural occurrence.
What it is
A methylxanthine alkaloid (CAS 83-67-0) naturally found in cacao, kola, guarana, and tea; mild stimulant chemically related to caffeine.
Naturally present in cocoa-containing foods; sometimes added in supplements or specialty products.
Why it's flagged
- stimulant cardiovascular effects
- insomnia at high doses
- extreme toxicity to dogs
What regulators actually say
"The Panel concluded that the available data were insufficient to establish a refined estimate of theobromine intake or a safe level for consumers when added to foods."
"Theobromine is a methylxanthine alkaloid related to caffeine, exerting cardiovascular and CNS effects, and is highly toxic to dogs at relatively low doses."
Regulatory status
United States — FDA
GRAS as natural component of cocoa under 21 CFR 184; not separately approved as direct additive.
European Union — EFSA
EFSA opinions on theobromine highlight data gaps; not authorized as a food additive in EU.
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