Polylysine
FDA accepted multiple GRAS notices for ε-polylysine starting in 2004 (GRN 135 from Chisso for cooked rice, then GRN 336 from Purac with broader uses). It shows low oral toxicity, is non-mutagenic, and has poor GI absorption.
What it is
A natural cationic peptide (typically epsilon-poly-L-lysine, ε-PL) produced by Streptomyces albulus fermentation.
Antimicrobial preservative effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, and molds.
What regulators actually say
"FDA had no questions regarding the conclusion that polylysine was generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use as an antimicrobial agent in food, including cooked rice."
Regulatory status
United States — FDA
GRAS (no questions response — GRN 135 and GRN 336)
European Union — EFSA
Not authorized as a food additive in EU; permitted as food contact / specific national approvals only
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