Pinene
Α-Pinene is permitted as a synthetic flavoring (21 CFR 172.515) and naturally occurs in many GRAS essential oils. EFSA has evaluated pinenes within FGE.78 and found no safety concerns at flavoring use levels.
What it is
Bicyclic monoterpene (α- and β-pinene) found in pine and conifer resins, rosemary, dill, eucalyptus, and many essential oils.
Natural flavoring substance contributing pine/herbal notes; component of many essential-oil flavorings.
Why it's flagged
- respiratory irritant at high inhalation exposures
- skin sensitization potential
What regulators actually say
"α-Pinene is listed among synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants permitted for direct addition to food at minimum quantities required to produce the intended effect."
Regulatory status
United States — FDA
Permitted synthetic flavoring (21 CFR 172.515); also natural occurrence in GRAS essential oils
European Union — EFSA
Evaluated by EFSA in FGE.78; no safety concern at flavoring use levels
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