Partially Hydrogenated Rapeseed Oil
Partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs) are the primary source of artificial trans fats. The FDA determined PHOs are no longer Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) and removed them from the food supply in 2018.
What it is
Rapeseed (canola) oil that has been partially hydrogenated (PHO), creating semi-solid texture but also generating industrially-produced trans fatty acids.
Historically used as a shortening, frying oil, and ingredient in margarines and processed foods to extend shelf life and provide texture.
Why it's flagged
- FDA determined PHOs not GRAS (2015); removed from US food supply by 2020. Raises LDL, lowers HDL, increases cardiovascular disease risk
What regulators actually say
"Based on a thorough review of the scientific evidence, the FDA has determined that partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs), the primary dietary source of artificial trans fat in processed foods, are not generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in human food."
"Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/649 limits industrial trans fats in food intended for the final consumer to 2 grams per 100 grams of fat."
Regulatory status
United States — FDA
Banned: FDA determined PHOs are not GRAS; removed from food supply by January 2020 (final compliance).
European Union — EFSA
Trans fats limited to 2 g/100 g fat in finished foods under Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/649; PHOs effectively phased out.
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