Ilex Paraguariensis Leaf Extract
Yerba mate leaf extract is widely consumed and provides caffeine, theobromine, and polyphenols. Epidemiological studies link very hot mate drinking with increased esophageal cancer risk; IARC classifies very hot beverages (>65°C) as Group 2A.
What it is
Extract from leaves of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis), a South American holly used to brew the traditional beverage mate.
Caffeinated beverage ingredient and supplement; also used in cosmetics.
Why it's flagged
- caffeine content (limit intake)
- very hot consumption (>65°C) linked to esophageal cancer (IARC Group 2A)
- PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) contamination in some smoke-cured leaves
What regulators actually say
"Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is included in 21 CFR 182.20 as an essential oil/oleoresin/natural extractive generally recognized as safe."
"IARC concluded that drinking very hot beverages above 65 °C is probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A); mate drunk cold or warm was not classified as carcinogenic."
Regulatory status
United States — FDA
21 CFR 182.20 lists yerba mate as a GRAS natural flavoring extract.
European Union — EFSA
Authorized flavouring source under EU Reg 1334/2008.
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