Glycolic Acid
FDA has concluded glycolic acid is safe for cosmetic use if AHA concentration ≤10%, final product pH ≥3.5, and the product is formulated to protect skin from increased sun sensitivity (or labeling instructs daily sun protection use). Topical AHAs increase skin sensitivity to UV radiation; FDA requires a 'Sun Alert' warning label on AHA-containing exfoliant products.
What it is
Hydroxyacetic acid (C2H4O3); the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA), naturally found in sugar cane.
Not a primary food ingredient. Used as a chemical exfoliant in cosmetics; minor industrial use.
Why it's flagged
- increased skin sensitivity to UV radiation
- skin irritation/burns at high concentrations or low pH
- FDA labeling required for cosmetic exfoliants
What regulators actually say
"FDA has concluded that glycolic and lactic acid are safe for use by consumers if the AHA concentration is 10 percent or less, the final product has a pH of 3.5 or greater, and the product is formulated to protect the skin from increased sun sensitivity."
"The label must bear the statement: 'Sun Alert: Because this product may make your skin more sensitive to the sun, be certain you have adequate sunscreen protection while using this product and for a week after you discontinue use.'"
Regulatory status
United States — FDA
Cosmetic ingredient with FDA labeling guidance for AHA products; not a food additive.
European Union — EFSA
Permitted in EU cosmetics with concentration limits.
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