Glycyrrhizin
Also known as: E958
Glycyrrhizin causes pseudohyperaldosteronism by inhibiting 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, leading to sodium retention, potassium loss, hypertension, and edema with chronic high intake. EFSA's SCF concluded that an upper intake of 100 mg/day should not be exceeded for regular consumption; FDA has issued public warnings about black licorice.
What it is
Glycyrrhizin (E 958) is a sweet-tasting triterpene glycoside extracted from licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra), roughly 50 times sweeter than sucrose.
Used as a flavoring agent and sweetener in confectionery, beverages, and tobacco products.
Why it's flagged
- Chronic high intake can cause hypertension, hypokalemia, and edema (pseudoaldosteronism).
- Pregnant individuals are advised to limit intake.
- FDA has warned that adults eating ≥2 ounces of black licorice daily for two weeks could develop arrhythmia.
What regulators actually say
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Regulatory status
United States — FDA
Licorice and ammoniated glycyrrhizin are GRAS as flavoring substances under 21 CFR 184.1408 and 184.1409, with FDA public warnings about excessive black licorice consumption.
European Union — EFSA
Authorized as flavoring; SCF advised an upper intake of 100 mg/day for regular consumption.
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