Benzoic Acid
Also known as: E210
FDA GRAS under 21 CFR 184.1021 with use limit 0.1% by weight. EFSA's 2016 re-evaluation set ADI of 5 mg/kg bw/day for benzoic acid and benzoates as a group.
What it is
Benzoic acid (E210) is a weakly acidic organic compound (C6H5COOH). Naturally occurs in cranberries, prunes, and fermented dairy. Commercially produced as a food preservative.
Antimicrobial preservative, especially effective against yeasts and molds at acidic pH (<4.5). Used to extend shelf life of acidic foods and beverages.
Why it's flagged
- Can react with vitamin C in soft drinks to form trace benzene (carcinogen)
- Pseudoallergic urticaria/contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals
- EFSA 2016: aggregate exposure may exceed ADI for high consumers (especially children)
- Potential intolerance triggers in asthmatic and aspirin-sensitive populations
What regulators actually say
"Benzoic acid is the chemical 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid... The ingredient is used in food at a level not in excess of 0.1 percent by weight... in food, with the function of antimicrobial agent."
"The Panel established a group ADI of 5 mg benzoic acid equivalents/kg bw/day for benzoic acid (E 210), sodium benzoate (E 211), potassium benzoate (E 212) and calcium benzoate (E 213). The Panel concluded that the exposure to benzoic acid and benzoates may exceed the ADI for some population groups, especially children."
"Benzene can form at very low levels (parts per billion) in some beverages that contain both benzoate salts and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). The amount of benzene formation is influenced by exposure to heat or light."
Regulatory status
United States — FDA
GRAS, 21 CFR 184.1021. Use limit 0.1% by weight in food.
European Union — EFSA
Permitted as E210. Group ADI for benzoic acid and benzoates: 5 mg/kg bw/day (EFSA 2016).
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