Carotenoids
Also known as: E160, cartenoids, tetraterpenoids
Carotenoids are widely used natural colors with long histories of safe use. Beta-carotene is permitted by the FDA as a color additive exempt from certification under 21 CFR 73.95.
What it is
Carotenoid family of natural yellow-to-red color additives, including beta-carotene (E160a), annatto (E160b), paprika oleoresin (E160c), and lycopene (E160d).
Natural color additive providing yellow, orange, or red hues; vitamin A precursor for some forms.
Why it's flagged
- high-dose supplemental beta-carotene linked to lung cancer in smokers (not at food coloring doses)
What regulators actually say
"The color additive β-carotene may be safely used for coloring foods generally... in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice."
"The Panel concluded that the use of mixed carotenes (E 160a (i)) and beta-carotene (E 160a (ii)) at the reported use levels would not be of safety concern."
Regulatory status
United States — FDA
Permitted color additive exempt from certification: 21 CFR 73.95 (β-carotene); 21 CFR 73.30 (annatto); 21 CFR 73.345 (paprika); 21 CFR 73.585 (tomato lycopene).
European Union — EFSA
Approved food color (E160a–E160d) under EU Regulation 1333/2008.
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