Cochineal
Also known as: E120, carminic acid, carmines, Natural Red 4, Cochineal Red
Cochineal extract/carmine is FDA-approved for use as a color additive exempt from certification under 21 CFR 73.100, but case reports of severe IgE-mediated allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, have led FDA to require explicit declaration on labels (final rule 2009). It is not a child-hyperactivity-list azo dye, but its allergenic potential makes it more than a casual additive.
What it is
Cochineal extract: a red color additive obtained from the dried bodies of the cochineal insect (Dactylopius coccus); the principal coloring constituent is carminic acid.
Natural red color (pink, red, purple) in foods, beverages, dairy, and confectionery.
Why it's flagged
- allergic reactions including anaphylaxis
- insect-derived (not vegan/vegetarian)
What regulators actually say
"Carmine and cochineal extract may be safely used for coloring foods generally in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice..."
"Food products that contain cochineal extract or carmine shall specifically declare the presence of the color additive by listing its respective common or usual name, 'cochineal extract' or 'carmine,' in the statement of ingredients."
Regulatory status
United States — FDA
Permitted color additive exempt from certification (21 CFR 73.100); explicit declaration required
European Union — EFSA
Permitted in EU as E120 with use limits
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