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Duck Liver

Moderate concern

Duck liver is a whole food but is exceptionally high in vitamin A (preformed retinol). Excess preformed vitamin A is teratogenic; pregnant women are advised to limit liver intake.

Found in
22 products

What it is

Liver of duck (Anas platyrhynchos); used in pates, terrines, and gourmet preparations including foie gras.

Whole-food meat ingredient.

Why it's flagged

What regulators actually say

"High intakes of preformed vitamin A (but not beta-carotene) during pregnancy are known to cause birth defects."

Regulatory status

United States — FDA

Whole food; meat regulated by USDA FSIS

European Union — EFSA

Whole food; EFSA Tolerable Upper Intake Level for vitamin A 3000 micrograms RE/day for adults

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