Choline
Choline is an essential nutrient with established Adequate Intakes. It is generally safe; very high intakes (>3.5 g/day adults) may cause fishy body odor, sweating, hypotension, or hepatotoxicity.
What it is
Essential nutrient required for cell membrane structure, neurotransmitter synthesis, and methyl group metabolism.
Nutrient fortification; choline bitartrate, choline chloride used in foods/supplements.
Why it's flagged
- high doses may cause fishy odor, GI upset, hypotension
What regulators actually say
"Tolerable Upper Intake Level for adults is 3,500 mg/day. Side effects of excessive intake include fishy body odor, sweating, salivation, hypotension, and hepatotoxicity."
"Adequate Intake (AI) for choline of 400 mg/day for adults was established."
Regulatory status
United States — FDA
GRAS for nutrient fortification; required in infant formula
European Union — EFSA
Recognized essential nutrient; AI established
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