Algae
Many edible algae are recognized as foods or novel foods globally and are nutritionally rich, but iodine content in brown seaweeds (kelp) can be very high and lead to thyroid dysfunction with chronic over-consumption. Spirulina platensis extract is approved as a color additive under 21 CFR 73.530.
What it is
Edible aquatic organisms (e.g., spirulina, chlorella, kelp, nori) used as whole foods, supplements, or natural colorants.
Source of protein, micronutrients (iodine, B12 analogs), omega-3s, and natural color (e.g., spirulina blue).
Why it's flagged
- High iodine in some seaweeds
- Heavy-metal contamination risk
- Potential cyanotoxins in poorly produced spirulina
What regulators actually say
"Seaweed (such as kelp, nori, kombu, and wakame) is one of the best food sources of iodine, but iodine content varies considerably; very high intakes may cause thyroid dysfunction."
Regulatory status
United States — FDA
Spirulina extract permitted as color additive (21 CFR 73.530); various seaweeds GRAS as food.
European Union — EFSA
Several algae authorized as food or novel foods under EU rules.
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