Alcohol
Ethanol/alcohol is classified by IARC as a Group 1 human carcinogen (sufficient evidence in humans). The 2023 WHO statement concluded that no level of alcohol consumption is safe for health.
What it is
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol), used as a flavor solvent or carrier and present in alcoholic beverages.
Solvent for flavors, extracts; preservative; ingredient in alcoholic beverages.
Why it's flagged
- IARC Group 1 carcinogen
- WHO: no safe level of consumption
- Causes fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
- Liver damage and dependence
What regulators actually say
"Alcoholic beverages are classified as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1)."
"When it comes to alcohol consumption, there is no safe amount that does not affect health."
"Acetaldehyde associated with the consumption of alcoholic beverages is also classified as Group 1."
Regulatory status
United States — FDA
Permitted as solvent in extracts; alcoholic beverages regulated by TTB; required warning labels.
European Union — EFSA
Authorised as carrier/solvent; regulated under separate alcoholic beverage rules.
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